Metaphysical Poetry of John Donne - 1441 Words

Kirsten Furnish AP Literature Mrs. Hendricks November 1, 2012 Literary Analysis of John Donne This examination of John Donne’s metaphysical poetry includes analysis of Donne’s use of topic, structure, scansion, style and theme. John Donne is known as one of the best writers of metaphysical poetry, a genre of poetry that is characterized specifically by themes of knowledge, intellect, and having a somewhat unrecognizable meter or rhyme. Metaphysical poetry forsakes pure and genial nature of other Elizabethan poets. Paradox, juxtaposition, and philosophy are few of many recurring ideas of metaphysical poems. He had one of the most favored reputations of any major English writer. Donne balanced mainly between devotional and philosophical†¦show more content†¦Each stanza rhymes ABBACDCDEE. The symbolism used in â€Å"The Sun Rising† reflects the title itself. The outside world is forced to revolve around these two lovers, lost in themselves. As with many of Donne’s poems, you must not interpret literally, only metaphorically. Donne uses hyperb oles, letting the reader know that the couple is not literally being orbited by the universe, but rather reflecting how they feel their own worlds are. The poet’s characteristic style is shown in the opening lines because the persona is straightforward and dramatic. The significance of human love within a permanent physical universe is a key theme in this poem of Donne’s. Explanation and description help John Donne to support his theme in â€Å"The Sun Rising.† This theme also has ties to the general metaphysical theme that is present in most of Donne’s works. Although they are two separate poems, â€Å"The Sun Rising† and â€Å"The Canonization† share many of the same aspects of writing. The persona and topics of each poem overlap. In the first poem, the lovers are â€Å"canonized,† making them one person, who only needs the other. The second poem relates to the first because each of the couples want and see only their lover, no one else. With them being structurally similar, it is easy to see the form of each of these poems. Both poems use aShow MoreRelatedMetaphysical Poetry By John Donne1590 Words   |  7 PagesFeras Mohammed Awaga Grade 11 B Metaphysical Poetry According to English language, when metaphysical is divided into two words ‘meta’ is defined as after and physical remains as it is. Thus metaphysical means after the physical. The definition above was according to English language, however according to poetry is†¦. Many poets got involved in metaphysical poetry like: Samuel Johnson who wrote his book which is known as ‘’Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets’’, Henry Vaughan, Andrew Marvel, RichardRead MoreJohn Donne s Metaphysical Poetry2151 Words   |  9 PagesJohn Donne’s metaphysical poetry is where theology crosses with sexuality. The connection between spiritual love and erotic love becomes apparent. Throughout his whole life Donne found love in everything. In his early life his focus was on the love of women, and then it transitioned to the love of his wife, and ultimately the love of God. His work defines the unity of these contrasting ideals in every man and woman. â₠¬ËœBatter my Heart’ and ‘The Ecstasy’ displayed the connection that can be found betweenRead More Metaphysical Conceit in the Poetry of John Donne Essay2129 Words   |  9 PagesMetaphysical Conceit in the Poetry of John Donne      Ã‚  Ã‚   Many of John Donnes poems contain metaphysical conceits and intellectual reasoning to build a deeper understanding of the speakers emotional state. A metaphysical conceit can be defined as an extended, unconventional metaphor between objects that appear to be unrelated. Donne is exceptionally good at creating unusual unions between different elements in order to illustrate his point and form a persuasive argument in his poems. ByRead MoreTHE MAIN FEATURES OF THE METAPHYSICAL POETRY ILLUSTRATED BY JOHN DONNE1637 Words   |  7 PagesFEATURES OF THE METAPHYSICAL POETRY ILLUSTRATED BY JOHN DONNE The term metaphysical poetry is used to describe a certain type of 17th century poetry. Metaphysical poetry is concerned with the whole experience of man. It means that the poetry is about showing knowledge and thoughts from different areas of experience, especially about love, romantic and sensual; about mans relationship with God and about pleasure, learning and art. Metaphysical poems are lyricRead MoreJohn Donne1376 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Donne is the name in English Literature who gave new direction to the literary activities of his age. He is in a sense founded the metaphysical lyric, which was practiced by scare of writers. As Dowden says, â€Å"We are told that in the decline of the greater poetry of the Elizabethan period, a metaphysical school arose and that John Donne was the founder or the first eminent member of this school.† John Donne set up a new tradition in versification by and large Donne must be regarded as an originalRead MoreCharacteristics of Metaphysical Poetry876 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is a metaphysical poem? Metaphysical poetry is concerned with the whole experience of man, but the intelligence, learning and seriousness of the poets means that the poetry is about the profound areas of experience especially - about love, romantic and sensual; about man s relationship with God - the eternal perspective, and, to a less extent, about pleasure, learning and art. Metaphysical poems are lyric poems. They are brief but intense meditations, characterized by striking use of witRead MoreElements Of Metaphysical Poetry1092 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the 1600s, a group of poets created a type of poetry known as metaphysical poetry. Metaphysical poetry is a type of poetry that is devotional and mystical in content; it incorporates intellect, logic, and argument to demonstrate concepts such as love and death. Metaphysical poems have the elements of metaphors, metaphysical conceits, paradoxes, and analogies. Metaphors and metaphysical conceits, a type of extended metaphor, are used to show a connection between two things that are not similarRead MoreThe word Wit has multiple definitions, most of which metaphysical poets use in their distinctive1400 Words   |  6 Pagesdefinitions, most of which metaphysical poets use in their distinctive poetic style. Definitions for wit include: â€Å"the keen perception and cleverly apt expression of those conne ctions between ideas that awaken amusement and pleasure† (Dictionary.com 2014) and â€Å"understanding, intelligence, or sagacity, astuteness† (Dictionary.com 2014). In this paper I will unpack the main features of metaphysical poetry and explore the relevance of wit and conceit in relation to John Donne’s works. FurthermoreRead MoreMetaphysical Poetry1246 Words   |  5 PagesMetaphysical Poetry: Much More Than Wit The two main views of metaphysical poetry, as composed by poets A.E. Housman and T.S. Eliot, are vastly different. Eliot’s view of metaphysical poetry is a very positive and respectful one. He admires the uniqueness of the metaphysical poets when he describes them as â€Å"reflective poets† as opposed to merely intellectual ones. Eliot says they have the ability to â€Å"feel their thought as immediately as the odor of a rose,† compared to the strictly thought-drivenRead MoreAnalysis Of A Valediction Forbidding Mourning 1108 Words   |  5 Pagespoem, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, John Donne employs conceit, symbolism, and tone to poetically paint a picture of the true love that exist between a man and his wife. John Donne was born on January22, 1572 to a Catholic family in England. (John Donne Biography) In his twenties Donne spent a lot of money on women, books and traveling. ( John Donne Biography) In 1601 Donne became a member of Parliament and married Anne More. ( John Donne Biography) Neither of the families approved

A Brief Description of the Feeling of Wonder Free Essays

Jeaniqua Stanford January 17, 2013 ACP 110-02 Definition Paper Wonder is a feeling of curiosity, amazement, and surprise. Wonder can happen at any given moment, but most times it is not truly wonder. Most times when someone believes something as wonderful, they simply mistake it for wonderful. We will write a custom essay sample on A Brief Description of the Feeling of Wonder or any similar topic only for you Order Now Instead what they are feeling is simply curiosity or amazement. Wonder is so much deeper than those simple emotions, it is to a point that when you feel wonder you become speechless. When you see, feel, hear, touch, or taste something that makes you feel speechless, like you literally have no words that can explain how you are feeling. If you ask people what wonder is, you will stump them. They will not know how to explain what exactly they feel when they feel wonder. Wonder is one of those emotions that is hard to explain. You know it when you feel it but you cannot explain it. In the ACP 11O-02 course at Roosevelt University, the students were asked what they believed wonder was. The students looked around, some even looked out the window, hoping that they would not be called on. This question is not one that is asked every day, so people do not normally have an answer ready for it. They probably would have to think about it for a long time until they can sum up at least one sentence for what wonder is. When sitting in the ACP course, the general definition of wonder that came from the discussion, was something that makes you feel amazement. Something that is wonderful to most people would be birth, or pregnancy. The whole process of having a child, psychically having it, is speechless. Mothers say that it hurts like nothing they have ever felt, but the emotion they feel once it is over and they get to hold the life they have been nurturing for nine months, is indescribable. The joy that takes over their faces is a moment that should be remembered, and most likely is. Wondrous things are everywhere in the world and if a person just happens to be at the right and at the right time, than they might get to experience it. It is hard to say that something inanimate is wonderful, because it is hard to explain. Trying to find the words to say what a person feels about life itself is difficult. It is wonderful because even though it is explained and can be scientifically described, words truly cannot describe life. Yes, life is the way people go about living on the earth and what they do, but what else is it? How exactly did it happen? Religious people would say that God created man, the planet, and everything else on it. But then scientists would say that we evolved from other beings that roamed the earth before us. If you go for the scientists’ thoughts on life, than the religious people could easily counter that argument with a question on who created everything that we evolved from. Wonder is that emotion that everybody confuses with other things, is it really wonder or is it amazement. Can you explain how you feel or are there no words for how you feel? Those are the questions people need to ask when thinking about what is wonderful to them. The definition of wonder is something that leaves you speechless and curious for more information on it. Life is the one thing that is wondrous to most people because it is unexplainable. A person can guess all they want about how life came about, but they will never find the true answer of it, unless they find someone or something that has been alive for the entirety of earth’s existence. How to cite A Brief Description of the Feeling of Wonder, Papers

Economic Trends Affecting the Organisation †Sample Solution

Questions: Task 1: Economic Analysis Selecting an UK organisation, you are familiar with: and address the followings Analyse significant Macro-economic changes (economic changes are concerned) that have taken place in the organisations external environment Analyses of Changes in Macro Environment, so only economic changes are concerned. Need to discuss following factors critically: GDP, inflation, wage rate, consumer spending, tax rate, foreign exchange rates, interest rate, employment, CPI, RPI. No need of any definition of the factors, discus how the factors are affecting the business (Be critical) Evaluate any Opportunities and Threats posed by the macro-economic changes you have identified. You have to discuss the opportunities and threat based on the changes in macroeconomic factors: GDP, inflation, wage rate, consumer spending, tax rate, foreign exchange rates, interest rate, employment, CPI, RPI that you have discussed for requirement 1. For example: Change in is interest rate is providing opportunity or threat for the company? If your answer is Threat then how? Task 2: Legal content Case Study The Law of Redundancy Following on from the themes you will have explored in answering the economics content of this assignment, you are now required to consider a hypothetical problem occurring in a fictional company, Ipswich Engineering Ltd. Even though this is a hypothetical case, you are still encouraged to make use of knowledge and experience gained from working in your own organisation and from considering its position in the economy, when approaching the task. Ipswich Engineering Ltd is a small private company that has been established in the Ipswich area for 45 years. The company has been concerned with designing, producing and installing security gates for homes and businesses in the areas surrounding Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk. It has employed designers and electrical engineers for producing the security systems, which are fitted to the gates of residential and commercial clients at their premises by a team of installers. The installers have been responsible for fitting the security devices at the premises of the companys clients and ensuring that the system works satisfactorily before leaving the site. Owing to the increasing complexity of organising the installations operations, the company has decided to cut down on the scope of its activities and to concentrate solely upon the design and production of security systems to client specifications and to contract out the installation projects. One of the consequences of this decision is that there will no longer be a need for the installers, some or all of whom may have to be dismissed. The employees concerned are as follows: Paul, who is 60 and has worked for the company for 24 years; Susan, who is 42 and has worked for the company for 1 year and 11 months; Chris , who is 27 and has worked for the company for 9 years Susan is someone who has been recognised by the company as having the potential to be a gifted designer and the company would like to offer her alternative employment in that capacity, instead of making her redundant. The company would like to know what steps they need to take in order to dismiss the relevant employees fairly on the grounds of redundancy. The company would also like to know how to go about offering the alternative employment to Susan and what principles of law apply to that process. Would your answer be any different if Susan had worked for an Employment Agency and the length of employment was three years, i.e. 36 months. Advise the company on these matters. Answers: Analysis of significant Macro-economic changes an introduction The report has emphasized on the macro-economic change and its impact on the external environment of the business of Sainsbury Plc. The evaluation of the macro-economic environment would lead this report to assess the threats and opportunity of the business of Sainsbury. The report would also discuss on the impact of the interest rate on the business of the company. Sainsbury Plc, a well-known retail organisation in the UK, which is mainly in the business of retail supermarket. The company has also many convenient stores in the suburban region of the UK where the target market is the middle class people of the society (TheGrocer.co.uk 2014; MSN 2016). The history of the company states that according to the recent statistics, the company is placed at the second largest retail company in the UK by revenue. Sainsbury also has presence in online retail business as a part of the differentiation strategy (J-sainsbury.co.uk, 2016). Analysis of changes in Macro Environment Sainsbury Plc has its presence in the UK mainly; however. It has opened its business in some of the European countries until date. The major shareholder of the company is from the foreign sovereign fund from Qatar (Hellier and Butler, 2016). Therefore, the revenue and the business of the company is mainly influenced by the change in the economy of the UK. The favourable economy of the country provides the company a favourable option to grow its business. In addition to this, there are many competitors in the UK in retail segment who are competing with the company as a part of the external environment. Some of the impact of the macroeconomic changes are discussed below in the viewpoint of retail business of Sainsbury. Discussion of the Macro-economic factors affecting the business Unemployment rate The adverse economy of the UK had affected the retail business of the company for the last two years (Uk.reuters.com 2016). The unemployment rate in the country had shocked the segment very much. In 2011, the unemployment rate of the country was 8.4% when the retail business felt the heat of low revenue generation and the shift of customers preference of groceries (Data.worldbank.org, 2016). However, the situation has changed vernacularly where the unemployment rate has stood at 5.2% (Trimble 2016). It has been provided that improvement of the unemployment rate was one of the reason of improving the retail business segment. Low employment rate of the country might reduce the income capacity as well as the consumable power for the entire economy. The retail business was depended on the middle income group mainly who were depended on the employment in the country. Therefore, the adverse situation of the job market might reduce the business for the retail business. Thereby, the recent development in the employment rate in the country was the opportunity for the company as it could increase its business with more purchasing power of the customers. GDP The complexity of the GDP provides the measurement of the material transaction capacity for the companies. The UK has improved its GDP in 2014 significantly while it laid in the negative zone in 2009 and only 1.2% in 2012 (BBC News, 2016). The country had overcome the crisis moment of the Euro economy and turnaround for having more business. It is the normal course of action for the economists to rely the growth of business with the growth in the GDP. As stated by Harchaoui (2012), GDP is the indicator of the economy as a whole. Therefore, improvement in the GDP of the country helped the business to grow as well as expectation for the future became high. In this context, we had witnessed the recovery of the GDP growth of the UK for the last couple of years (Quandl.com 2016). It indicated the growth in business in future due to overall improvement in the business. In addition to this, the expected GDP of the country had been framed at lower than the current growth. Thereby, the future situation and expectations from the business of Sainsbury had become poor. Therefore, the strategy of the company would be changed to tackle the upcoming low growth in the economy (Business and Design 2012). The company required to expand its business in the growing economy where it could make more return from its investment. Further, the company had to drift the business in the UK market by its convenience stores where the price of the products were low. The profitability from these types of stores were high due to low investment and low operating expenses. Interest rate and inflation rate The business environment has two great factors in the business inflation and interest rate. Both of them are connected to each other and moved inversely. In 2008, the interest rate of the country was 5.9% witnessing the economic crisis. Therefore, the Central Bank of the UK had lowered the rate at 0.5% for the consecutive 5 years to tackle the adverse situation in the global economy (Britishchambers.org.uk 2016). It had made the cost of borrowing low for the business. Further reduction of demand in the retail segment had made the inflation rate very low, which was not a good indicator for the development of the countrys overall GDP (Economicsnetwork.ac.uk 2016). It showed that the purchasing power had bottomed out for the general people either, or the country has experienced a deflation in the economy. However, the inflation of the country must not be very high as it increased the interest rate as well as the price of the goods (Craig and Campbell 2012). The high price of the goods became the low revenue generator in the difficult moment, which opposed the high revenue generating target for the companies. According to Findlay and Sparks (2014), higher the rate of inflation, the economy faced the challenge of macro-economic constraint in bringing the development. It could halt the improvement in the business environment as the high inflation in the economy made the interest rate high. It made the people to save much in the bank due to enjoying the high interest rate from their investment for future and the cash in hand for purchasing the new goods become low (UK economy: GDP growth, interest rates and inflation statistics 2016). High interest rate is the indication of inflation in the economy. However, the low interest rate helped the companies to enjoy the low borrowing cost as well as the overall cost of funding the capital expenditure to expand the business. Therefore, the low interest rate was the opportunity for the company to develop the business as well as to keep low the price of the product due to low holding charge of the inventories (Tonner and Wilson 2015). The current inflation rate was an opportunity for the retail business. Therefore, Sainsbury Plc had the chance of increase its business in its supermarkets as well as in the convenience stores. Foreign exchange rate The business of Sainsbury was mainly based in the UK market. Thereby, the business was not exposed to the foreign currency translation. However, the materials of the retail business were sourced from the outside of the country as many of the suppliers are foreigners. Thereby, the volatility in the foreign currency could make the business of Sainsbury risky due to adverse situation in paying the suppliers in foreign currencies (El Ouadghiri, Mignon and Boitout 2015). Further, the funding of the company was mainly from the foreign sovereign funds. Therefore, the company had to bear the risk of transaction risk associated with paying the dividends to the shareholders. The global economy was the main reason of risk associated with the foreign currency. The current exchange rate of GBP with the third world country had appreciated much (Dichev et al. 2013). The current exchange rate of GBP was 1.4341 to USD, 1.32 Euro and 9.44 Yuan (Bloomberg.com 2016). Therefore, it was an opportunity for the company to expand its business in those geographic region while the business in the USA and other European countries were still risk due to amid volatility in the exchange rate of GBP with Euro (Gov.uk 2013). The higher appreciation of the GBP of the UK had provided the opportunity in the foreign countries for Sainsbury Plc as it had to invest less in pound while the return might be higher if the economy of those countries survive the situation in future. Additionally, the company also enjoyed the low supply cost as it could pay lesser amount of GBP to its suppliers. It was also observed that the situation was adverse for the company while taking supply from the domestic suppliers as the expenses become higher (Rose and Krausmann 2013). Therefo re, the risk of unavailability of the supply remained in this case due to dependability on the foreign suppliers became high. Corporate tax rate Corporate taxation was one of the factors among the macro-economic environmental assessment as it could influence the business in financial way. The recent tax rate for the big corporation based in the country was around 20% per year as decided by the UK government (Heritage.org 2016). However, the tax rate had been reduced constantly since 2012 as the country felt the heat of the Euro zone debt crisis then after the global recession of 2008 (Higgins, Omer and Phillips 2014). The reduction of the corporate tax was witnessed in the consecutive years by 1% each and had stood 20% in current year. A low tax rate was the opportunity for the retail sector to improve the profitability as well as capture the market share in the UK. The country was going through low interest rate regime since 2012. Therefore, it had brought the chance of investing in the capital expenditure in the foreign countries to expand the business globally. The tax rate in the USA 35% while in Japan, the tax rate for the corporates was 38% during the period. Thereby, we could see that Sainsbury had the chance of developing the business as well as selling the asset sells unused in the operation. It might help the company to increase the funds in the hand of the management to develop the business and might improve the sentiment of the investment cycle in the third world (Rohlin, Rosenthal and Ross 2014). CPI The CPI is the measurement of the inflation in the consumer goods and service where the change in the price of the goods can send the message of impression on the business (Gudgin, Coutts and Gibson 2015). The consumer price of the goods and the services has included the consumer goods, which are used as the household for daily life. However, it cannot tell us the exact price influencing factor for the retail consumers due to its limitations. The index is mainly based on the urban price of the consumable goods and services. Therefore, the situation in other parts of the country could not be achieved from this index value (Lin and Qiao 2015). The current CPI value of the UK was below 2% due to low oil prices in the international market. The index was in the sky during the adverse situation like 2009 and 2011. The CPI was higher than 5 at those times. Therefore, comparing with the past situations, we could say that Sainsbury could make its revenue high due to low CPI helping the customers to consume more (Cornelsen and Normand 2013). RPI RPI is the retail price index of the country that shows the true measurement of the retail price of the products. The value of the small low retail price helps the consumers to buy more due to increasing their affordability. In this respect, the RPI of the UK has included the general household tax of the home, mortgage cost of the consumers, insurance payment and other tariffs those are required to pay for living in the society (Rose and Krausmann 2013). Thereby, the RPI has the more precision factor in understanding the affordability of the consumers from time to time. The retail price of the goods indicated the consumption by the customers from time to time in household as well as in the financial products. Thereby, the excess money in hand of the customers could be understood in this way (Santos 2013). The recent RPI of the UK is high indicating the high purchasing power of the consumers and favour the business of Sainsbury Plc. Conclusion From the above report, it can be concluded that the macro-economic factors can influence the retail business of Sainsbury significantly. The different factors can impress the retail business of the company separately. However, there is also chance of influencing the retail business with accumulating all or the multiple the factors. References Britishchambers.org.uk, (2016).Economic data. [online] Available at: https://www.britishchambers.org.uk/policy-maker/economic-data/ [Accessed 27 Jan. 2016]. Bloomberg.com, (2016). GBP to USD Exchange Rate. [online] Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/GBPUSD:CUR [Acceed 27 Jan. 2016]. Gov.uk, (2013).Pocket databank: economic indicators - ssPublications - GOV.UK. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/weekly-economic-indicators [Accessed 27 Jan. 2016]. MSN, (2016).MSN Food UK. [online] Available at: https://food.uk.msn.com/ [Accessed 27 Jan. 2016]. Quandl.com, (2016).UK - Economy Data - Data from Quandl. [online] Available at: https://www.quandl.com/collections/uk/uk-economy-data [Accessed 27 Jan. 2016]. TheGrocer.co.uk, (2014).Sainsbury's shifts to a mid-low model pricing strategy. [online] Available at: https://www.thegrocer.co.uk/channels/supermarkets/sainsburys/sainsburys-shifts-to-a-mid-low-model-pricing-strategy/371978.article [Accessed 27 Jan. 2016]. Trimble, J. (2016).Headline Economic Indicators | UK Data Explorer. [online] Ukdataexplorer.com. Available at: https://ukdataexplorer.com/headlines/ [Accessed 27 Jan. 2016]. Uk.reuters.com, (2016).Latest Economy News | Economy | Reuters.co.uk. [online] Available at: https://uk.reuters.com/business/economy [Accessed 27 Jan. 2016]. Santos, J.D.F., 2013. Business micro-location: factors, preferences and indicators to assess the influence factors. Santos, J.D.F., 2013. Business micro-location: factors, preferences and indicators to assess the influence factors. Cornelsen, L. and Normand, C., 2013. Impact of the Irish smoking ban on sales in bars using a large business-level data set from 1999 to 2007.Tobacco control, pp.tobaccocontrol-2013. Gudgin, G., Coutts, K. and Gibson, N., 2015. THE CBR MACRO-ECONOMIC MODEL OF THE UK ECONOMY (UKMOD). Craig, T. and Campbell, D., 2012.Organisations and the business environment. Routledge. Dichev, I.D., Graham, J.R., Harvey, C.R. and Rajgopal, S., 2013. A Guide to Earnings Quality.Available at SSRN 2347428. Economicsnetwork.ac.uk, (2016).Economic Data freely available online | The Economics Network. [online] Available at: https://www.economicsnetwork.ac.uk/links/data_free [Accessed 27 Jan. 2016]. El Ouadghiri, I., Mignon, V. and Boitout, N., 2015. On the impact of macroeconomic news surprises on Treasury-bond returns.Annals of Finance, pp.1-25. Findlay, A. and Sparks, L., 2014. The Retail Planning Knowledge Base Briefing Paper Town Centre and High Street Reviews. Harchaoui, T.M., 2012.The Europe-US Retail Trade Productivity Gap in a Rear-view Mirror. University of Groningen, Groningen Growth and Development Centre. BBC News, (2016).Economy tracker: Inflation - BBC News. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/10612209 [Accessed 25 Jan. 2016]. Data.worldbank.org, (2016).United Kingdom | Data. [online] Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/country/united-kingdom [Accessed 25 Jan. 2016]. J-sainsbury.co.uk, (2016).J Sainsbury plc / About us. [online] Available at: https://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/about-us/ [Accessed 25 Jan. 2016]. Ons.gov.uk, (2016).Economy - ONS. [online] Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/taxonomy/index.html?nscl=Economy [Accessed 25 Jan. 2016]. UK economy: GDP growth, interest rates and inflation statistics, (2016).44 charts that explain the UK economy. [online] Available at: https://ig.ft.com/sites/numbers/economies/uk/ [Accessed 25 Jan. 2016]. Business, D. and Design, D.B., 2012. Doing Business.The World Bank. 2012a. https://www. doingbusiness. org/aboutus. Rose, A. and Krausmann, E., 2013. An economic framework for the development of a resilience index for business recovery.International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction,5, pp.73-83. Heritage.org, (2016).United Kingdom Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption. [online] Available at: https://www.heritage.org/index/country/unitedkingdom [Accessed 27 Jan. 2016]. Tonner, A. and Wilson, J., 2015. Farm retailing: motivations and practice.The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation,16(2), pp.111-121. Khader, S., Rajan, R. and Sen, M., 2014. Macro-Economic Factors Affecting Ease of Business. Hellier, D. and Butler, S. (2016).Qatari shareholders uneasy over Sainsbury's Home Retail Group bid. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/jan/06/qatar-investment-authority-sainsburys-home-retail-group-bid [Accessed 27 Jan. 2016]. Lin, P. and Qiao, Y., 2015. Understanding the economic factors that have affected China's anti-monopoly law.The Economic Characteristics of Developing Jurisdictions: Their Implications for Competition Law, p.114. Task 2 Define Redundancy. The redundancy is a term associated with the employment law in the UK. The requirement of reduce the labour force in the workplace has made this law important as well as the popular among the employers. The redundancy is not associated with the disability of the employees due to physical problems, gender, pregnancy (during the maternity leave for the women), higher age of the employees etc. The law of redundancy has clearly stated that the employers have to follow the rules of the redundancy in the country in a strict manner, otherwise it would be considered as the unfair dismissal of the employees. The decision must be based on the some of the real life data and facts to prove the redundant of the certain employees. The disciplinary requirements in the workplace plays a crucial role in employment redundancy as it is the maximum case for becoming redundant for an individual in work place (Hepple 2013). Further, the rule also states there are some of the standard method to make someon e redundant in the work. The employers have to comply with the payment of the redundancy and notice period to the employees before making them redundant. Additionally, the numbers of redundancy also play a role in this case up to 20 employees can be redundant from an organisation with consulting with the employees separately (Doiron and Mendolia 2012). However, if the redundancy is made in a mass scale or more than 20 employees altogether, then the employers need to consult with the trade union as it comes under the collective redundancy (Citizensadvice.org.uk, 2016). In addition to this, it is also mentioned in this law that without consulting with the employee or the union, the dismissal becomes unfair even for a genuine redundancy situation. Has there been a redundancy on the facts of this scenario? The fact of the case stated us that Ipswich Engineering Ltd has the chance of making the employees redundant due to its decision of closing the installation division. In this respect, the installers of the companies would become redundant from the current business horizon of the company. Therefore, it could be seen that there was a clear redundancy in the operation due to closing one of the operation in the business. Additionally, it could be said that Ipswich Engineering had the three division designing, production and installation of the security systems. The three divisions had different working responsibilities and the output. Therefore, the resources required for the three departments were different for the three divisions. The installation division was engaged in the operation of installing devices in the residence of the customers and the offices. Thereby, they could not contribute other departments with their experience or their skills. So, the company can make the entire di vision of installation redundant for closing down the installation operation. Can the employer dismiss based on that redundancy? Redundancy refers to the process in which employers reduce their workforce for increasing business profitability. However, this process is complex and the company should consider the established legislations of government (Gov.uk 2016). Therefore, it can be said that the employees can dismiss employees based on the redundancy act of government. As the company is closing the section of product installation, it is obvious for the company to eliminate the employees associated with this particular job role (Moneyadviceservice.org.uk 2016). On the other hand, the company can also offer new job role to these employees for complying with the redundancy act. In case of the employee is not having adequate knowledge about the offered job role, then the company will be able to discontinue the employee from the existing post by giving a prior notice. In case of Paul, he is working for 24 years and his age is 60. Therefore, according to the redundancy Act, dismissing him from his job is an unethi cal practice of the organization (Wilkinson 2013). On the other hand, Susan is working with the company for 1 year and 11 months. As he has adequate knowledge in designing products, the company is liable to offer different post to him (Taylor and Emir 2015). Chris is working for 9 years and he is 27 years old. Apart from that, he does not have knowledge in product designing. Therefore, the company can dismiss his employment by complying with the act of redundancy. Has the employers requirement for employees to carry out work of a particular kind ceased or diminished, or is it expected to cease or diminish? As per the given scenario, Ipswich Engineering Ltd is planning to cease the department of installation process and focusing on the production of designing process of security system. As the company is focusing on ensuring that the system is working successfully after the installation process, the operation process of the company is becoming very complex (Horn 2011). Therefore, the company has planned to reduce the role of operation department for reducing organizational cost. It directly tends the company to reduce employee, those who are related to the installation department. However, the consequences of this particular decision have created different legal issues for the organization (Law 2015). As the process of discontinuing emplacement of employees is a complex process, therefore, the company is planning the procedures before taking the final decision of diminishing the installation department (Schmann 2015). If the employer decides to dismiss, would it be mainly for this reason? The main reason of taking the decision of dismissing the employee is that the company is taking down the entire department of product installation. However, in this situation, the relevant employees were not having any disciplinary report against them. Therefore, there was no other reason of terminating the employee those who were associated with the installation job (Rudman 2013). In case of Paul, he was working for last 24 years and he was at the age of his retirement. Therefore, the company was unable to dismiss his employment according to the redundancy Act UK (Geddes et al. 2013). Susan was having sufficient knowledge regarding designing of security system; therefore, the company was bound to offer him alternative post within the company (Beck 2013). If Susan was working for an employment agency and the work duration of his was 36 months, then the rules and regulations of redundancy remain same for him. In case of Chris, his age is 27 years and he is not having knowledge in prod uct designing and production. However, there is no other reason of dismissing his employment but the company can give his a notice for searching another job by following redundancy Act (Moneyadviceservice.org.uk 2016). Is Susan, who is 42 and has worked for the company for 1 year and 11 months entitled to redundancy pay? The case study is showing that Susan is 42 years old and working for the company for 1 year and 11 months. Therefore, according to the Act of redundancy pay, if an employee is working more than 1 year, then the company is bound to pay them the redundancy amount at the time of dismissing employment. According to this Act of redundancy, Susan is entitled for redundancy pay (Horn 2011). Apart from that, as he is capable with designing and production job, the company should offer him alternative job role at production department before dismissing his employment. If Susan was a employee under an agency, then also he was able to retain the redundancy pay. The process of availing the redundancy pay is same for the direct employees and agency employees both. Is it correct for Ipswich Engineering to consider suitable alternative employment for Susan? If yes, explain how the company can go about it? According to the redundancy act, a company should follow a three-step process while taking decision of taking down a particular department. The three-step process includes the following- 1) The Company should consult with the employees before enabling the particular strategy. 2) The company should give option to the employee for moving in to a different job role. 3) The company should give a notice period to the employee for finding new job. In case of Susan, it can be evident from the case study that he is having adequate knowledge in manufacturing products (Rudman 2013). On the other hand, the company is having two different operation processes such as manufacturing unit and installation unit. Therefore, while following the three-step process, the company should offer the post of a designer to Susan. Offering Susan the designer post will be beneficial for the company, as he is capable with product manufacturing and designing. However, the other employees do not have sufficient know ledge regarding this job role. Therefore, it can be said that, the company can communicate with Susan and give the proposal of changing his job role within the company (Beck 2013). If he agreed with the management decision, then the company can change his designation. In either case, if he does not agree with the managements decision, then the company should give him a notice period for searching another job. Explain what steps should Ipswich Engineering Ltd take in order to dismiss Paul and Chris fairly on the grounds of redundancy? In order to dismiss Paul and Chris fairly on the ground of redundancy, Ipswich Engineering Ltd should follow the following steps. Consultation with the employees In the first step, Ipswich Engineering Ltd should consult with Paul and Chris regarding the current organizational situation. Moreover, the company should also communicate with them regarding organizational decision regarding ceasing the department they belongs to (Hepple 2013). It helps the management to take their decision regarding this matter. As these employees are working with the company for long time, the company should consider regarding their future activities within the organization (Flynn et al. 2013). Therefore, the company should consult with Paul and Chris regarding this matter before taking the final decision of dismissing the operation of installation process (Prassl 2013). Option for moving to another department As per the redundancy Act, the company should offer the employee alterative positions to the employees. In this step, the company should evaluate the efficiency level of the employee related to the other job role within the organization (Woodcock et al. 2014). It helps the company to reduce sudden changes within the organization (Eamets 2013). In this process, Paul is 60 years old and working for last 24 years. He does not have any knowledge regarding design and manufacturing process. On the other hand, Chris was working for last 9 years and he is not accustomed with the design and manufacturing process (McKay et al. 2013). In this context the company should pay the actual redundancy pay to these employees before terminating their employment with the organization. Therefore, the following step should be applies for these two employees (Sargeant 2009). Notice period After following the above-mentioned steps, the company should give Paul and Chris a notice period of 1 week for searching suitable job. The entire process is fair and complying with the redundancy act of UK government (Bisom-Rapp and Sargeant 2013). In this period, the employees can search another job and easily maintain their professional life as it is. Apart from that, the company should also pay the redundancy pay to both of these employees at the time of dismissing employment (Dawson 2009). As Paul is senior employee of the organization and at the stage of his retirement, the company should continue his employment until his retirement stage (Eamets 2013). Otherwise, he can claim an unfair practice of terminating his employment before completing the entire working life (Hall and Edwards 1999). He can also claim that the company has terminated his employment due to reduce unnecessary wages after his retirement and paying him a onetime amount, which is known as redundancy pay (Li an d Moon 2003). The total amount of redundancy pay is far lesser than the amount payable after retirement. Thus, the company should continue employment of Paul for the rest of his employment life (Rudman 2013; Anderman 1992). Is an agency worker entitled to the same rights as of employee? In case of agency workers, the redundancy act will remain same. Therefore, it can be said that the company or agency should offer alternative job role to the employee on the time of dismissing his or her employment. Apart from that, the employee will be entitled for the redundancy pay after 12 weeks of employment (Sargeant 2009). The pension enrolment will be same for the agency employees (Ashcroft 2008). The other facilities will be entitled for the employees those who works under agency after completing 12 weeks of employment (Deakin 1986). Therefore, it can be said that the employees those who are working under agencies can get the same benefits like he permanent employee those who are working with direct company (Schmann 2015). References Higgins, D., Omer, T.C. and Phillips, J.D., 2014. The influence of a firm's business strategy on its tax aggressiveness.Contemporary Accounting Research. Citizensadvice.org.uk, 2016. Redundancy procedures your employer must follow - Citizens Advice. [online] Available at: [Accessed 25 Jan. 2016]. Gov.uk, 2016. Redundancy: your rights - GOV.UK. [online] Available at: [Accessed 25 Jan. 2016]. Moneyadviceservice.org.uk, 2016. Your legal rights when facing redundancy. [online] Available at: [Accessed 25 Jan. 2016]. Taylor, S. and Emir, A., 2015. Employment law: an introduction. Oxford University Press. Cox, A.B., 2012. Enforcement Redundancy and the Future of Immigration Law.Supreme Court Review,2012(1), pp.31-65. Rohlin, S., Rosenthal, S.S. and Ross, A., 2014. Tax avoidance and business location in a state border model.Journal of Urban Economics,83, pp.34-49. Horn, N., 2011. Legislative Section Headings: Drafting Techniques, Plain Language, and Redundancy.Statute law review,32(3), pp.186-208. Schmann, I., 2015. LABOR LAW REFORMS IN EUROPE: DEREGULATION OF DISMISSAL PROTECTION AS TARGET.Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management,3(1) Rudman, R., 2013.New Zealand Employment Law Guide (2013 edition). CCH New Zealand Limited Beck, V., 2013. Employers' use of older workers in the recession.Employee Relations,35(3), pp.257-271 Hepple, B., 2013. Back to the future: employment law under the Coalition government.Industrial Law Journal,42(3), pp.203-223. Prassl, J., 2013. Employee Shareholder Status: Dismantling the Contract of Employment.Industrial Law Journal,42(4), pp.307-337. Eamets, R., 2013. Labour market and labour market policies during great recession: the case of Estonia.IZA Journal of European Labor Studies,2(1), pp.1-25. Sargeant, M., 2009. Age discrimination, redundancy payments and length of service.The Modern Law Review,72(4), pp.628-634. Bisom-Rapp, S. and Sargeant, M., 2013. Diverging doctrine, converging outcomes: evaluating age discrimination law in the United Kingdom and the United States.Loyola University Chicago Law Journal,44, p.717. Li, J. and Moon, U.K., 2003. Background calibration techniques for multistage pipelined ADCs with digital redundancy.Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on,50(9), pp.531-538. Anderman, S.D., 1992.Labour law: management decisions and workers' rights. MICHIE. Ashcroft, R., 2008. Fair process and the redundancy of bioethics: a polemic.Public Health Ethics,1(1), pp.3-9. Deakin, S., 1986. Labour law and the developing employment relationship in the UK.Cambridge Journal of Economics, pp.225-246. Hall, M. and Edwards, P., 1999. Reforming the statutory redundancy consultation procedure.Industrial Law Journal,28(4), pp.299-318. Dawson, M., 2009. Soft Law and the Rule of Law in the European Union: Revision or Redundancy?. Woodcock, B.A., Harrower, C., Redhead, J., Edwards, M., Vanbergen, A.J., Heard, M.S., Roy, D.B. and Pywell, R.F., 2014. National patterns of functional diversity and redundancy in predatory ground beetles and bees associated with key UK arable crops.Journal of applied ecology,51(1), pp.142-151. A., Campbell, J., Thomson, E. and Ross, S., 2013. Economic recession and recovery in the UK: What's gender got to do with it?.Feminist Economics,19(3), pp.108-123. , M., Upchurch, M., Muller-Camen, M. and Schroder, H., 2013. Trade union responses to ageing workforces in the UK and Germany.human relations,66(1), pp.45-64. Law, J. ed., 2015.A dictionary of law. Oxford University Press. Geddes, A., Craig, G., Scott, S., Ackers, L., Robinson, O. and Scullion, D., 2013. Forced labour in the UK.York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Wilkinson, F. ed., 2013.The dynamics of labour market segmentation. Elsevier. Hepple, B., 2013. Back to the future: employment law under the Coalition government.Industrial Law Journal,42(3), pp.203-223. Doiron, D. and Mendolia, S., 2012. The impact of job loss on family dissolution.Journal of Population Economics,25(1), pp.367-398.

Rabindranath Tagore Essay Essay Example

Rabindranath Tagore Essay Paper Rabindranath Tagore ] ( 7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941 ) . sobriquet Gurudev. was a Bengali polymath who reshaped his region’s literature and music. Writer of Gitanjali and its â€Å"profoundly sensitive. fresh and beautiful verse† . he became the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913. In interlingual rendition his poesy was viewed as religious and erratic ; his apparently hypnotic personality. fluxing hair. and other-worldly frock earned him a prophet-like repute in the West. His â€Å"elegant prose and charming poetry† remain mostly unknown outside Bengal. Tagore introduced new prose and poetry signifiers and the usage of conversational linguistic communication into Bengali literature. thereby liberating it from traditional theoretical accounts based on classical Sanskrit. He was extremely influential in presenting the best of Indian civilization to the West and frailty versa. and he is by and large regarded as the outstanding origi native creative person of modern India. [ 5 ] We will write a custom essay sample on Rabindranath Tagore Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rabindranath Tagore Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rabindranath Tagore Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A Pirali Brahmin from Calcutta. Tagore wrote poesy as an eight-year-old. [ 10 ] At age 16. he released his first significant verse forms under the anonym Bhanusi?ha ( â€Å"Sun Lion† ) . which were seized upon by literary governments as long-lost classics. He graduated to his first short narratives and dramas—and the auspices of his birth name—by 1877. As a humanist. universalist internationalist. and blatant anti-nationalist he denounced the Raj and advocated independency from Britain. As an advocate of the Bengal Renaissance. he advanced a huge canon that comprised pictures. studies and scribbles. 100s of texts. and some two thousand vocals ; his bequest endures besides in the establishment he founded. Visva-Bharati University. Tagore modernized Bengali art by rejecting stiff classical signifiers and defying lingual stenosiss. His novels. narratives. vocals. dance-dramas. and essays spoke to topics political and personal. Gitanjali ( Song Offerings ) . Gora ( Fair-Faced ) . and Ghare-Baire ( The Home and the World ) are his best-known plants. and his poetry. short narratives. and novels were acclaimed—or panned—for their lyricality. colloquialism. naturalism. and unnatural contemplation. His composings were chosen by two states as national anthems: the Republic of India’s Jana Gana Mana and Bangladesh’s Amar Shonar Bangla. The composer of Sri Lanka’s national anthem: Sri Lanka Matha was a pupil of Tagore. and the vocal is inspired by Tagore’s manner.

The eNotes Blog Summer Reading Recommendations

Summer Reading Recommendations Ahhhsummer.   Time to catch up on some reading, but so many choices. Here are some suggestions to sure please every reading taste: Memoir One More Theory About Happiness by Paul Guest When Paul Guest was twelve years old, he broke his neck in a horrific accident on a bicycle. The author takes the reader from those immediate, difficult years following the accident into his manhood. Guest became a teacher, an award-winning poet, and a husband. One More Theory About Happiness has been called : â€Å"Wonderful†- John Ashbery; â€Å"Astonishing†- Jorie Graham; â€Å"Fierce and unnerving†- Robert Hass.   You can read an excerpt here. Fiction The Lonely Polygamist by Brady Udall Included on many summer reading favorites of critics is Brady Udalls   tragicomedy, The Lonely Polygamist. Golden Richards is married to four women. He has twenty-eight children.   And he is having one hell of a midlife crisis. His business is failing, his wives and children are fighting amongst each other, and he is trying to come to terms with the death of his daughter and the stillborn death of his son.   To cope, Golden has an affair which threatens his family and business. Read an excerpt here. The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo By Steig Larson The first in Larssons acclaimed trilogy, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo is a good way to begin your summer reading and then continue on with the second volume, The Girl Who Played with Fire, and conclude with the final installment, The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets Nest. A summary from the publisher: Disgraced journalist Mikael Blomqvist is hired by Henrik Vanger to investigate the disappearance of Vanger’s great-niece Harriet. Henrik suspects that someone in his family, the powerful Vanger clan, murdered Harriet over forty years ago. Starting his investigation, Mikael realizes that Harriet’s disappearance is not a single event, but rather linked to series of gruesome murders in the past. He now crosses paths with Lisbeth Salander, a young computer hacker, an asocial punk and most importantly, a young woman driven by her vindictiveness. Non-Fiction The Facebook Effect by David Kilpatrick A summary from Amazon: IN LITTLE MORE THAN HALF A DECADE, Facebook has gone from a dorm-room novelty to a company with 500 million users. It is one of the fastest growing companies in history, an essential part of the social life not only of teenagers but hundreds of millions of adults worldwide. As Facebook spreads around the globe, it creates surprising effectseven becoming instrumental in political protests from Colombia to Iran. Veteran technology reporter David Kirkpatrick had the full cooperation of Facebooks key executives in researching this fascinating history of the company and its impact on our lives. The Murder Room: The Heirs of Sherlock Holmes Gather to Solve the World’s Most Perplexing Cold Cases by Michael Capuzzo An summary from Amazon: Thrilling, true tales of   three of the greatest detectives in the worlda renowned FBI agent turned private eye, a sculptor and lothario who speaks to the dead, and an eccentric profiler known as the living Sherlock Holmes-were heartsick over the growing tide of unsolved murders. Good friends and sometime rivals William Fleisher, Frank Bender, and Richard Walter decided one day over lunch that something had to be done, and pledged themselves to a grand quest for justice. The three men invited the greatest collection of forensic investigators ever assembled, drawn from five continents, to the Downtown Club in Philadelphia to begin an audacious quest: to bring the coldest killers in the world to an accounting. Named for the first modern detective, the Parisian eugà ¨ne Franà §ois Vidocq-the flamboyant Napoleonic real-life sleuth who inspired Sherlock Holmes-the Vidocq Society meets monthly in its secretive chambers to solve a cold murder over a gourmet lunch. Poetry The Shadow of Sirius by W.S. Merwin Winner of the 2009 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry,   â€Å"The Shadow of Sirius is a collection of luminous, often tender poems that focus on the profound power of memory. Cookbook The Big Summer Cookbook: 300 fresh, flavorful recipes for those lazy, hazy days   by Jeff Cox Combine two summer loves, reading and eating!   Sample a recipe for Tomato Tarts here.

11 Six Figure Jobs Beyond Doctor or Lawyer

11 Six Figure Jobs Beyond Doctor or Lawyer You don’t have to become a doctor or a lawyer to make $100k a year or more. Take a look at these 11 six figure jobs you may not have thought of as quite so high-paying. Keep in mind that compensation can come in many more forms than just your annual salary. And remember to keep your options open! 1. Special AgentLet alone the fact that the job title is super cool, you can make over $120k per year as an FBI agent. Or an agent for similar companies or law enforcement. To get hired, you’ll probably want a bachelor’s degree in criminal justice, plus some military or law enforcement experience. These jobs can be action packed or desk-oriented, but most will likely require some extra non-standard or on-call work hours.2. Airline PilotAgain, you’ll want either military flight experience or a degree in aviation, physics, or some other related field. In addition to your flying skill, good quick-thinking and savvy leadership is required. Nonstandard schedule again, but also routinely $120k and above.3. Regional Sales ExecutiveA college degree may or may not be necessary here. You’ll have to work your way up and through the company a bit, getting to know the product backwards and forwards, but if you have what it takes and you have excellent communication skills, you could easily hit the executive level, and your total compensation could easily breach $100k per year.4. Nurse PractitionerNPs are required to have a Master’s degree in nursing, plus whatever state level qualifications and certifications apply. But they can also build their own private practices, have some control over their schedules, and make $100k or more per year.5. Reservoir EngineerIdentify and go after gas reserves underground. All you’ll need is a degree in chemical engineering, and the determination to get the necessary experience in a very technical and nuanced field. But the compensation is usually over $125k, sometimes as high as $143k.6. DentistOkay so this is kind of like being a doctor or lawyer, and you’ll need all the schooling that entails. Four year degree, doctorate in dentistry, qualifying and licensing exams†¦but most dentists run their own practices and make between $125k and $130k per year.7. Equity Research AssociateIf you’re good with numbers and can acquire a bachelor’s degree in finance or economics, this might be the right field for you. You’ll analyze financial trends and do all the fun stuff of investment banking without the ulcers. Typical total median pay, with commissions and other compensation: $100k per year.8. GeophysicistIf you love rocks, and the Earth in general, then get yourself a degree in Geology, then another one. There is a surprising range of positions out there for geophysicists. And you could make nearly $120k per year.9. Physician AssistantPAs are like NPs. They also require a master’s degree, but you go through different programs. The only difference is PAs have to work more closely with MDs and so have less flexibility and autonomy, but they still break $100k per year.10. Drilling EngineerDrill baby, drill. If you have a bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering, or another relevant field, and you are confident and comfortable managing a team where safety is of the utmost importance, than this field could be for you. Expect to make around or over $110k.11. Software ArchitectIf you’re more the indoor type, and love technology, then get yourself a degree in math, computer science, software engineering†¦ or just show your coding mettle in other ways. You might need to put in some long hours, and you’ll have to have Batman-esque skills in order to provide company’s with the tools they need to operate at their best, but you can make over $130k per year.

Philopsphy paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philopsphy - Term Paper Example This paper applies these two theories of ethics on particular concrete cases. The cases are, keeping/breaking a promise, abortion, and Euthanasia. As sources of information, two books are used: Practical Ethics, by Peter Singer, and Ground Work of the Metaphysics of Morals, by Emmanuel Kant. Before applying the two ethical theories to the above cases, it is important to first give an overview of each of the theories. To begin with, the utilitarian theory of ethics is an end based theory. In other words, in determining the morality of an action, the proponents of utilitarian theory will focus on the end result of the action, and if the end product of the action will result in greater good to the majority of people, i.e. if the action will maximize happiness for the majority, then the action is a morally right action (Singer, 3). On the contrary, if the action diminishes happiness, or makes the majority of people to suffer, then the action is morally wrong. Deontological theory of Ethi cs on the other hand is based on the law or the duty ( Kant, 13-15). This means that an action is regarded as being morally right if it is done in accordance with the requirements of the law, or in fulfilment of one’s obligation. ... tological theory of Ethics, the main question that we should ask ourselves is whether or not the act of breaking or keeping the promise is in line with our obligations or the law. Emmanuel Kant, one of the main proponents of deontological theory of Ethics argues, in his famous categorical imperative, that before taking an action, we should ask ourselves whether we would wish our manner of acting to be made into a universal law applicable to all similar cases (Kant, 18). Kant, therefore, is of the view that we have the obligation to treat others as we would like to be treated. In this sense, breaking a promise that we have made is morally wrong because we would also not like somebody who has promised us something to fail to keep their promise. We should always keep our promises since we have an obligation to fulfil what we have promised to do. A utilitarian on the other hand would base their judgement on the consequence or the end result of either breaking or keeping ones promise. If the action will maximize the interests of the majority, then the action is morally right, and on the contrary, if the action will result in diminishing happiness to the majority of people, then the act is morally wrong. On this basis, a utilitarian wouldn’t give a definitive answer on whether the act of keeping or breaking a promise is intrinsically wrong or right. A utilitarian will conclude that the morality of the action of either keeping or breaking a promise will greatly depend on the particular circumstance at hand. If the circumstance is such that keeping or breaking a promise will lead to greater happiness for the majority, then the action is morally right and if the action will lead to suffering of the majority of people, then the action is morally wrong. Abortion The main

IMF (International Monetary Fund) from 2007 to present using Research Paper

IMF (International Monetary Fund) from 2007 to present using international business perspective - Research Paper Example Globalization has huge implications for companies as it can reduce the cost structure of the companies and bring in improvement in terms of quality of products. Globalization has helped in improving international trade and investment volume as more and more companies have entered in to global market and take the shape of multinational organizations. Earlier US companies used dominate in the field of international exports and FDI. But, with changing world scenario, various European countries, Japan as well as emerging economies like India, China, Korea, etc. have reduced the dominance of USA as they are following the same footprint (Hill, 2010). For example, share of FDI of the companies of developing world have increased from less than 1 percent in 1980 to as high as 15 percent in 2008, while the share of USA based companies have declined from near 40 percent in 1980 to 18 percent in 2008(approximately) (Hill, 2010). The political scenario has also changed in this changed economic si tuation. The political dominance of US is no under great threat in this increasing market economy. Many European countries that were Communist earlier and Some Asian countries have undertaken democratic politics and stressed on building free market economies. Hence, international businesses are getting more and more opportunities to enter these economies that have in turn strengthen these economies. (Hill, 2010) In this globalized world, importance of global institutions has increased significantly in maintaining order in various economical and political fields. IMF is one of such institutes which hold an important position in this changing economic and political environment. In fact, it is helping this process of change by its policies. IMF is responsible for maintaining order and stability in the international monetary system. The performance of international businesses to a large extent depends on the operation of international monetary system. If this system operates properly, t hen, the risks associated with international business operation reduce significantly. This paper will place its focus on some important issues relating to IMF policies and its scandals since 2007 as IMF activities is closely related to the performance of international businesses. (Hill, 2010) Issues and Problems with IMF since 2007: Since 2007, a number of issues relating to IMF activities is worth mentioning as this period corresponds to the recent global financial crisis that has essentially affected internal business. Some of these issues will be looked at in this section. Failure of IMF in the early detection of US sub-prime crisis in 2007: IMF is responsible for maintaining stability in the world monetary system and any kind of crisis that my take place in future so that international businesses become aware of that event and take required steps. But IMF is being blamed for its failure to predict the materialization and severity of the financial crisis that was creates in US (B ennet, 2008). The crisis first emerged in the sub-prime market of US. There was a bubble in the market in 2006 and 2007. The movements in this market were some early sign of the upcoming event of global financial crisis. But, the IMF failed to capture those signals in sub-prime market. It is now being said that lack of technical and analytical capacity of the IMF along with US’s unwillingness to implement surveillance of financial sector by IMF were responsible for IMF’s inability to detect the early signs of the crisis and predict its emergence and severity. (Bennet, 2008; Bossone, 2008b) Changing macroeconomic Policy under global financial crisis: Although IMF failed to predict the recent global

Understand How to Set Up a Home Based Child Care Service Task Essay Example for Free

Understand How to Set Up a Home Based Child Care Service Task Essay Understand how to set up a home based child care service 1. Outline the current legislation covering the home based childcare, and the role of regulatory bodies. Current Legislation There are many different Legislation being brought out in place to help maintain and improve services, for example; Every Child Matters In 2003, the Government made a new legislation called Every Child Matters. This was published due to a report into the death of Victoria Climbie. There was a wide discussion between people working in childrens services, with parents, children and young people. Following the discussion, the Government published Every Child Matters: the Next Steps and passed the Children Act 2004, providing the legislative spine for developing more effective and accessible services focused around the needs of children, young people and families. Every Child Matters: Change for Children was published in November 2004. This is a new approach to the well-being of children and young people from birth to age 19. The Governments aim is for every child, whatever their background or their circumstances, to have the support they need to: †¢ Be healthy Stay safe †¢ Enjoy and achieve †¢ Make a positive contribution †¢ Achieve economic well-being Meaning that every organisation involved in providing services to children, from hospitals, schools, the police and voluntary groups. Where they will be teaming up in new ways, sharing information and working together, to protect children and young people from harm and help them achieve what they want in lif e. Childcare Act 2006 The Childcare Act, passed into law on 11 July 2006, is pioneering legislation – the first ever exclusively concerned with Early Years and childcare. The Act will help transform childcare and Early Years services in England for generations to come, taking forward some of the key commitments from The Ten Year Strategy published in December 2004. Measures in the Act formalise the important strategic role Local Authorities play through a set of new duties. These duties will require authorities to: †¢ Improve the five Every Child Matters (ECM) outcomes for all pre-school children and reduce inequalities in these outcomes †¢ Secure sufficient childcare for working parents provide a better parental information service The Act also reforms and simplifies Early Years regulation and inspection arrangements providing for a new integrated education and care quality framework (for pre-school children) and the new Ofsted Childcare Register. The sufficiency, information and outcomes duties came into effect from 1 April 2008 and the remaining provisions from September 2008. Other legislation is; Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS), The Play Strategy, The Charter for Children’s Play, Children’s Centres, Extended Services and Childrens Trusts. Ofsted Ofsted is the office for standards in Education, childrens services and skills. They make sure that people achieve excellence in care for adults, children and young people. Ofsted inspect the following services: †¢ Maintained schools and academies †¢ Some independent schools †¢ Early years and childcare †¢ Children’s centres; children’s homes †¢ Family centres †¢ Adoption and fostering services and agencies †¢ CAFCASS †¢ Children’s services in local authorities †¢ Initial teacher training †¢ Further education colleges and 14 to 19 provision A wide range of work-based learning and skills training †¢ Adult and community learning †¢ Probation services †¢ Education and training in prisons and other secure establishments. Ofsted assess children services in local areas and inspect services for looked after children, safeguarding and child protection. Ofsteds job is to check places that adults, youn g people and children are looked after and the people who look after adults, children and young people. They check to see if people are doing a good job in looking after, if they are not they try to help them get better. Ofsted inspect children services e. g. childminders, schools, nurserys, adult learning and skill’s centres etc. to see if the standard of care for adults, children and young people, after their inspections they carry out a report of what they have found, where you will receive a grade (Grade 1 Outstand, Grade 2 Good, Grade 3 Requires Improvement and Grade 4 Inadequate) depending on your grade some inspectors will have to revisit you for a second report where you must improve your grade to stay open or in business. Ofsteds job is to make sure that all adults, children and young people who are being cared for are safe, being looked after properly, to improve childrens services, to make sure childrens services focus on the interests of the children and young people, parents, adult learners and employers who use them and also to see that the services for children are efficient and effective. Ofsted’s Strategic Plan 2011-2015 sets out how they will try to fulfil their responsibilities to inspect and regulate services for children, young people and learners. The plan sets out how they will achieve four priorities: Better outcomes Driving improvement for children and learners of all ages †¢ Better inspection and regulation Improving the way we work in order to provide sharper accountability that focuses on underperformance and drives fairness for those using services †¢ Better public involvement Ensuring that people’s views and experiences inform how and when we inspect and regulate; and empowering people with the information they need to make choices and hold services to account †¢ Better ways of working Using our resources responsibly in effective, efficient and sustainable ways that focus on the front line.

Cleisthenes Essay :: essays research papers fc

What reforms did Cleisthenes introduce and what were his likely motives for them. Cleisthenes, the son of Megakles, began work on the constitution of Attica (Athens). Unlike Solon, he left no writings to describe himself, so he remains a vague figure. Unlike Solon, Cleisthenes did not receive any clear directions on reform. His achievements were made through the assembly, the government body made up of all the citizens with the responsibility of passing laws. As the head of a rich and aristocratic clan, his main motives may have been to acquire political power for himself and his noble followers as well as a military purpose and democracy. Cleisthenes' methods allied him firmly with the ordinary citizen and took Attica a long step further on the road to democracy. Democracy was supposed to have begun in Attica after the last major faction fight of the 6th century B.C. This fight was between Isagoras and Cleisthenes. To ensure his position, Cleisthenes reformed the tribal system and introduced the council of five hundred. Again, he did not aim to introduce democracy; rather his aim was most likely to overcome his regional rival, Isagoras. His reforms that were placed in were that the country was divided into 10 new tribes, also know as plylae, on a regional basis, with sections of the 3 classes in each. Each tribe with 3 trittyes (one from the city (asty), one from the coast (paralia), and one from inland (mesogaia)) was composed of new units called demes. In the countryside these were villages, while in Attica itself they were divisions of the city. (Source: Bradley, 1998) Old clans and noble families now possessed far less political significance because they were now able to control only one-third of each tribe. Citizenship was now based on locality, with citizenship being granted to metics and other aliens resident in and around Attica. The tribes were roughly equal in number. They usually contributed soldiers for the army. Usually each tribe contributed a regiment of hoplites and a squadron of military. This action served to reinforce tribal loyalty. Commanding the army was the 10 strategoi, or referred to as generals. These 10 generals were, at first, under the control of the Polemarch but later were to become the chief magistrates. The boule was also enlarged to five hundred, 50 from each tribe, divided into 10 committees of 50, called prytanies. Each committee was in charge of administration and government for a month, so that more people were now directly involved in government. Cleisthenes Essay :: essays research papers fc What reforms did Cleisthenes introduce and what were his likely motives for them. Cleisthenes, the son of Megakles, began work on the constitution of Attica (Athens). Unlike Solon, he left no writings to describe himself, so he remains a vague figure. Unlike Solon, Cleisthenes did not receive any clear directions on reform. His achievements were made through the assembly, the government body made up of all the citizens with the responsibility of passing laws. As the head of a rich and aristocratic clan, his main motives may have been to acquire political power for himself and his noble followers as well as a military purpose and democracy. Cleisthenes' methods allied him firmly with the ordinary citizen and took Attica a long step further on the road to democracy. Democracy was supposed to have begun in Attica after the last major faction fight of the 6th century B.C. This fight was between Isagoras and Cleisthenes. To ensure his position, Cleisthenes reformed the tribal system and introduced the council of five hundred. Again, he did not aim to introduce democracy; rather his aim was most likely to overcome his regional rival, Isagoras. His reforms that were placed in were that the country was divided into 10 new tribes, also know as plylae, on a regional basis, with sections of the 3 classes in each. Each tribe with 3 trittyes (one from the city (asty), one from the coast (paralia), and one from inland (mesogaia)) was composed of new units called demes. In the countryside these were villages, while in Attica itself they were divisions of the city. (Source: Bradley, 1998) Old clans and noble families now possessed far less political significance because they were now able to control only one-third of each tribe. Citizenship was now based on locality, with citizenship being granted to metics and other aliens resident in and around Attica. The tribes were roughly equal in number. They usually contributed soldiers for the army. Usually each tribe contributed a regiment of hoplites and a squadron of military. This action served to reinforce tribal loyalty. Commanding the army was the 10 strategoi, or referred to as generals. These 10 generals were, at first, under the control of the Polemarch but later were to become the chief magistrates. The boule was also enlarged to five hundred, 50 from each tribe, divided into 10 committees of 50, called prytanies. Each committee was in charge of administration and government for a month, so that more people were now directly involved in government.

On the Consequential Validity of ESP tests in Iran

The eventful facet of concept cogency has been defined in different ways. Harmonizing to Messick ( 1989 ) eventful cogency includes grounds and principles for measuring the intended and unintended effects of mark reading and usage in both the short- and long term, peculiarly those associated with prejudice in hiting and reading, with unfairness in trial usage, and with positive or negative washback effects on instruction and acquisition. However, this signifier of grounds should non be viewed as a separate type of cogency, say, of ‘consequential cogency ‘ or, worse still, ‘washback cogency ‘ ( Messick, 1998 ) . Whereas, Bachman ( 1990 ) and Bachman & A ; Palmer ( 1996 ) used the term impact to depict these effects of trials. The impact of trial usage operates at two degrees: a micro degree, in footings of the persons who are influenced by the peculiar trial usage, and a macro degree, in footings of the educational system or society ( Bachman & A ; Palmer, 1996 ) . In this survey, following the taxonomy of Bachman and Palmer, the effects of trials on instruction and acquisition are viewed washback effects and the effects on single interest holders i.e. , scholars, instructors, parents, and test takers ‘ household members, and society are considered as impact. Since a few decennaries ago, the impacts of different linguistic communication trials either at macro or micro degrees have been studied. The literature reappraisal indicates that there has been a general consensus that high-stakes trials produce strong washback. High-stakes trials are those whose consequences are used to do of import determinations which instantly and straight impact the trial takers ( Luxia, 2005 ; Madaus, 1988 ; Shohamy, 1993a, 1993b, 2001 ) and other stakeholders such as instructors who are assisting the trial takers to go through the trials, and the other participates who are engaged in course of study development and class designing ( Baily, 1999 ; Spolsky, 1997 ) . The term ‘backwash ‘ has been used to mention to the manner a trial influences learning stuffs and schoolroom direction ( Hughes,1989 ) , although in applied linguistics and linguistic communication proving community the term ‘washback ‘ is more widely used today ( Weir 1990 ; Alderson & A ; Wall 1993 ; Alderson, 2004 ) . Washback is by and large known as being either negative or positive ( Taylor,2005 ) . Negative washback is said to happen when the content or format of a trial is based on a narrow definition of linguistic communication ability, and so constrains the teaching/learning context. Positive washback is said to ensue when a testing process encourages ‘good ‘ instruction pattern ; for illustration, an unwritten proficiency trial is introduced in the outlook that it will advance the instruction of talking accomplishments ( Taylor, 2005 ) . The impact of a trial can be immediate or delayed ( Andrews, 1994 ; Andrews & A ; Fullilove 1994 ) . Harmonizing to these research workers, washback seems to be associated chiefly with ‘high-stakes ‘ trials, that is, trials used for doing of import determinations that affect different sectors. , for illustration, finding who receives admittance into farther instruction or employment chances ( Chapman & A ; Snyder, 2000 ) . Shohamy, Donitza-Schmitdt & A ; Ferman ( 1996 ) believe that the state of affairss in which admittance, publicity, arrangement or graduation is dependent on the trial are really of import and great attention is needed. Harmonizing to Taylor ( 2005 ) , linguistic communication trials can hold effects beyond merely the schoolroom. That is, trials and trial consequences have a important impact on the calling or life opportunities of single trial takers ( educational/employment chances ) . They besides influence educational systems and society more widely ; for illustration, trial consequences are used to do determinations about school course of study planning, in-migration policy, or professional enrollment for physicians ; and the growing of a trial may take publishing houses and establishments to bring forth trial readying stuffs and run trial readying classs. Bachman ( 1990 ) used the term impact to depict these effects of trials. Some linguistic communication examiners consider washback as one dimension of impact, depicting effects on the educational context ( Hamp-Lyons 1997 ) ; others see washback and impact as separate constructs associating severally to ‘micro ‘ and ‘macro â €˜ effects within society ( Bachman & A ; Palmer, 1996 ) . Most examiners locate both constructs within the theoretical impression of ‘consequential cogency ‘ in which the societal effects of proving are portion of a broader, incorporate construct of trial cogency ( Messick, 1989, 1996 ) . Consequential cogency has been extensively discussed among linguistic communication examiners in recent old ages ( Kunnan, 2000 ) . As eventful cogency is a complex impression, we try to analyze specific portion of it known trials effects on trial takers, instructors, and society. Although washback effects on instruction and acquisition has been both theoretically and through empirical observation discussed and several washback hypotheses were put frontward, rather a few empirical surveies have been carried out to research the ESP trials negative or positive effects on trial takers ‘ life and society at big. Therefore, the present survey purposes at researching the ESP trials ‘ effects on Persian interest holders ‘ life, and society. In making so, the undermentioned research inquiry was raised: What impacts do ESP/ EAP trials have on the life of campaigners for station alumnus surveies as good the system of higher instruction at Persian local universities?Method and processThis survey is portion of an extended probe to research ESP trials, constituents of maestro and doctorial enterance scrutiny to province universities, effects on maestro, Ph.D campaigners and ESP instructors. To merely set it, the intent of this component was to place and depict the effects which these trials may hold on the Persian interest holders including instructors, trial takers, parents and scholars ‘ household memebers, and society. A qualitative attack was selected because this facet of eventful cogency is underpinned by personal and organisational civilization and small of relevancy has been reported in the literature. Qualitative research is context based, therefore it is imperative for research workers to enroll participants in a crystalline mode. The participants were 16 maestro and 10 Ph.D pupils of different big leagues and 5 ESP instructors at different universities in Iran. Datas were gathered during face-to-face in-depth interviews. The research workers informed the participants of the intent of the research and obtained their written consent. The research workers besides obtained the participants ‘ permission to audiotape each interview for intents of content analysis and audit trail. The interviews were conducted in both an unstructured and a semi-structured mode. All participants were interviewed in privateness. Each interview began with the inquiry: ‘What do you believe of ESP trials effects? The reply to which was followed by inquiries designed to arouse specific effects of the mark trials, such as: ‘what was the most positive or negative effects of these trials? The participants were besides asked to depict their experiences, attitudes and beliefs about the ESP trials and their impacts on their life. The interviews lasted on norm for about 30 proceedingss. Interviewing took topographic point during all yearss over a six-week period, until the informations collected were being systematically duplicated. No new information was gained from the last three interviews, therefore informations impregnation was considered to hold been achieved. The interview informations were instantly transcribed verbatim and analyzed utilizing qualitative content analysis. Contented analysis is a subjective reading of the content of textual informations utilizing a procedure of systematic categorization. This procedure uses chiefly inductive logical thinking, by which subjects and classs emerge from natural informations under careful scrutiny and changeless comparing ( Strauss and Corbin, 1990 ) . One feature of qualitative content analysis is that the method, to a great extent, focuses on the topic and the context, and emphasizes differences between and similarities within subjects and classs. Another feature is that this method trades with manifest every bit good as latent content in a text. Manifest content consists of respondents ‘ existent words organizing constructs, while subjects are seen as looks of the latent content. In this survey the method of coding harmonizing to qualitative content analysis was used to deduce classs and subjects from the informations, which were identified from the first interviews and so tested and revised through analysis of wining interview ( Marvast, 2004 ) . To guarantee dependability and supply an appraisal of inter-rater dependability, the research worker and the research helper coded interviews separately, discussed the result, agreed on alterations and so individually coded the following interview. In the first five interviews, over 80 % of the codifications were shown to be consistent between the two research workers. These interviews were re-coded after a two-day interval by the same squad and found to be stable. The same cryptography strategy was so applied to a re-analysis of all interviews. The research workers besides reviewed and discussed the full interview coding to guarantee consistence.FindingssThe 31 participants consisted of 16 maestro and 10 Ph.D pupils and 5 ESP instructors. Four subjects were extracted from the interview informations utilizing qualitative content analysis: psychological, societal, fiscal, and household effects. Each of these chief classs is farther divided into subcategories which are described in ins ide informations in the undermentioned parts of the survey.Psychological effectsAbout all participants stated that ESP trials had great psychological effects. This chief class is subcategorized into emphasis, anxiousness, assurance, depression, learning efficaciousness, and letdown.Stress and anxiousnessMany of the participants acknowledged that they had experienced a sort of anxiousness before or even after ESP trials are administered. The undermentioned illustrations illustrate this subject. Clairvoyance trials are truly hard and the transitions are long. When I do non cognize the significance of unknown words, I become nervous and I do non try all the points. My public presentation on these trials influences my hereafter so believing about the consequence causes me emphasis. In fact, all trials are nerve-racking but linguistic communication trials are something different because a specific readying is needed ( participant 1 ) . Another participant described test effects as stressful. He said: The consequences are non announced shortly. Sometimes, I have to wait for approximately three months. During this clip, I ever think about the trial consequences. Such ideas cause me a batch of emphasis ( participant 3 ) . Ph.D campaigners besides acknowledged that the ESP subdivision of entryway scrutiny was awfully nerve-racking. A participant said: I had no jobs in content topics. My lone job was specific English. I about translated about 70 pages of my ESP book but the transitions given to us to be translated were unobserved. When I did non cognize the significances of some unknown words, I got confused. Such confusion led to my mental emphasis. That is why ; I could non hold a good public presentation. Even one point can do a alteration in the opportunity of admittance. When the consequences were announced, I noticed that if my mark on ESP subdivision were one point higher, I would go through the entryway test ( participant 12 ) .DepressionMajority of the participants argued that the consequences of the trials and trial phobic disorder greatly influenced and depressed them so that they could non analyze any longer. Such a sort of depression sometimes affected their day-to-day activities. The undermentioned illustrations illustrate this subject. You may non cognize about trial effects. The English trials sometimes turn out to be a sort of catastrophe in our life. Due to many known and unknown factors, we are depressed before and after taking linguistic communication trials. Sometimes we feel so down that we can non make anything. We can non even acquire out of bed to eat breakfast or tiffin. Even, we do non speak to anyone for a twosome of yearss ( participant 6 ) . Another participant stated: Regardless of trial consequences, whether to neglect or go through, due to the nature of ESP trials administered at province and nonstate universities in my state, I become down. The trials are non mensurating what I need. They merely test interlingual rendition ability of the pupils ; whereas, I do non necessitate interlingual rendition. I may go through the trial but I can non utilize ESP linguistic communication to run into my academic demands. My mark is non bad but I can non even compose a paragraph or sum up a transition. That is why ; I ever feel down ( participant 16 ) .DisappointmentThe participants of the survey believed that they sometimes felt defeated and gave up perusal. The undermentioned illustrations are given to exemplify this subject: I took Ph.D trial several times but I ever failed because of my bad public presentation in ESP subdivision of the trial. I got tired and eventually defeated. Even if I pass the ESP portion of the trial, I am non pleased because these trials do non mensurate what we need at all. Therefore, I ever felt defeated and planned to give up my analyzing for Ph.D scrutiny ( participant 8 ) . Another participant added: At first I was truly interested in analyzing for Ph.D entryway scrutiny but holding failed the trial several times I lost my motive and felt defeated. Such a sort of feeling lasted for a long clip. Despite the undependability and invalidness of these trials, they had great influence on the campaigners ‘ admittance. I got defeated and unwillingly gave up Ph.D ( participant 2 ) . As the participants do non cognize anything about the range of contents which are given in the trial, they may non try hard to acquire prepared. They believed that their cognition in English is limited and they may non be able to make their best in the unobserved contents. One of the participants said: The campaigners do non cognize how much readying is needed. The ESP texts are infinite. I remember I studied and translated more than 200 pages but the trial transitions were non in the scope of stuffs which I was familiar with. Even an unknown word confused me. That is why I am non certain I can reply all the transitions because they may be unfamiliar to me and this makes me defeated. I gave up analyzing ESP ( participant 10 ) . Furthermore, the participants acknowledged that their public presentation on ESP trials depends on their general linguistic communication public presentation to a great extent. As they are non good at general linguistic communication, they have no opportunity to larn ESP. They believed that they about know some proficient words which they can non utilize in context because of their general linguistic communication. As the consequences, they are hopeless to larn English for ESP/EAP intents. One of the participants stated: English linguistic communication is non given appropriate attending in our state. The clip allocated to learning English at secondary and third schools is non plenty. Teachers merely focus on grammar and reading. Because we have no exposure to reliable linguistic communication we easy bury what we learned in high schools. How one does anticipate us to larn English in such a sort of instruction system in which merely a few grammatical constructions and a twosome of words are taught. I studied English for approximately seven old ages but I can non even compose a short paragraph. I think the consequences of ESP trials indirectly disappoint the pupils. I myself am one of those defeated 1s. I think I ne'er pass ESP/ EAP trials such as IELTS or IBT TOFEl. In one of the Ph.D trial taken two old ages ago, the trial takers were asked to interpret a transition from Persian to English. Although I knew all words, I could non make the undertaking because I did non cognize how to unite the words t o do a text ( participant 18 ) .Self- assurance and efficaciousnessThe participants believed that their assurance is greatly influenced by these trials. They stated that by utilizing their short memory capacity they can memorise a list of proficient words and some specific transitions. They may achieve a good mark which leads to a sort of false assurance. They may believe that this mark indicates their true ability and may give up analyzing English. One of the participants said: I merely studied for two months. In fact, I got a good mark. Having seen my mark on ESP trial, I felt a high self-confident. I thought I could run into my all academic demands ; hence, I stopped reading my English books. During my maestro categories, I noticed how weak I was in English. I could non even interpret a paper. I had to apportion about all my clip analyzing English. You can non conceive of how hard it was for me to go through ESP classs in two semesters ( participant 17 ) . Refering the impact of the trials on assurance, another participant stated: When I saw my mark I became really confident and felt proud. Some of my friends failed the trial. I sneered at them. It was a great accomplishment for me. Majority of the trial takers failed these ESP trials but I passed. Therefore, it was a good bravery for me to take even hard trials. English trials differ from the other trials, so go throughing them successfully is truly of much significance in my assurance ( participant 13 ) . The consequences of the survey besides indicate that the pupils ‘ low tonss on ESP trials led to assurance waking up. One of the participants said: I have taken Ph.D entryway scrutiny three times. My tonss on capable trials were non bad, but I had no good public presentation in ESP sub-test of entryway scrutiny. My friends who were good at English could go through the entryway scrutiny and enter the university. Such a failure in ESP trials caused me to lose my assurance and give up fixing for Ph.D scrutinies because I knew it does non worth the monetary value to pass clip larning English ( participant 6 ) . The consequences besides indicate that ESP trials will do a sort of false positive sense of learning efficaciousness among ESP teachers. The undermentioned illustration illustrated this subject. The alleged ESP trials administered at our universities merely lay accent on proficient vocabulary and proficient reading transitions. I am good at these accomplishments. I am able to learn these accomplishments really good. Because of such prepardness, I think I am a good ESP instructor and feel efficaciouse. However, when the pupils require to the other academic accomplishments, I about ever to hedge their petitions ( participant 19 ) .Social effectsThe 2nd emerged subject of the survey is categorized as the effects of the trials on the society at big. The participants acknowledged that the entryway exams peculiarly ESP sub-tests surely have great impacts on the society. The societal impacts can be subcategorized as: want from high instruction, unfairness and unethical issues, and credence of unqualified campaigners. Each of these subcategories is elaborated as follows ( participant 14 ) .Want from instructionThe participants acknowledged that the consequences of choice tests- eith er norm-referenced or criterion-referenced- will surely ensue in some campaigners ‘ want from instruction. They believed that ESP tests non unlike the other trials do hold such impacts. They believe the campaigners whose English is good can accomplish a good mark on ESP trials and are ranked higher than those with low English proficiency. Therefore, the 1s with low English proficiency are deprived from analyzing for maestro and Ph.D grades although their tonss on the content sub-tests are non bad in comparing with the other campaigners. One of the participants said: I answered about all points of entryway test except ESP points. That is why, I did non go through the trial but my friends who answered English points passed and were accepted in really good and modern universities such as Tehran universities. Two or three times I failed. Finally, I got tired and did non try entryway scrutinies to post graduation schools. I was deprived. Such a failure is merely due to my failing in English ( participant 20 ) . Another participant stated: If I had been able to reply the points of ESP sub-part of the Ph.D entryway scrutiny I would hold passed the trial and I could hold become a extremely educated individual in my state. In fact, my lone job was merely my failing in English. Damn English trial turned out to be a catastrophe in my life. As the consequences, the societey disadvantages the qualified people ( participant 18 ) .Injustice and unethical issuesParticipants of the survey besides stated that the ESP trials administered at our universities lead to injustice and unethical issues. That is, about all campaigners acknowledged that Persian people in different metropoliss do non hold entree to the same educational installations such as linguistic communication and trial readying institutes to larn a foreign linguistic communication ; whereas, they have to take the same norm-referenced trials. Therefore, any determination made based on the campaigners ‘ public presentation on these trials in which the campaigners d o non hold the same privileges, is to a great extent unethical and unjust. The undermentioned illustrations are given to exemplify this subject: In fact I do non hold with the policy of trial development and disposal which is presently practiced in our state. Some of the trial takers live in large metropoliss with adequate educational installations. They can go to linguistic communication categories. They can fix instructional stuffs easy. They benefit from really experient linguistic communication instructors. I do non hold the opportunity to do usage of these necessary things. In Iran, the Ph.D campaigners have to take the same trial. Those who began larning English at the earlier age and attended different linguistic communication categories can surely reply all linguistic communication trial points. Sometimes, the campaigners ‘ tonss on content classs are the same but their tonss on English trial are different. Therefore, I think it is non just and ethical to do a determination about the campaigner based on their differences in English tonss ( participant 12 ) . Another participant added: It is truly pathetic. I know some of the maestro pupils whose tonss on content sub-parts of the trial such as applied Chemistry, Physics chemical science were in fact below my tonss. His mark on ESP trial was 90 but mine was 40. He was accepted but I was non. Make you believe it is just? I am certain that neither can he compose a paper nor understand a talk in English. So why should he go through but I fail? . Truly, it is unethical ( participant 5 ) . The consequences of the survey besides indicate that although ESP trials play of import functions in credence or non credence of the campaigners into station alumnus schools ; no 1 knows for certain that these trials measure the scholars ‘ true ESP cognition. Therefore, deficiency of correspondence between ESP trial contents and mark linguistic communication usage state of affairs undertakings will do a sort of unethical and unjust issue. A participant mentioned: How does one cognize that ESP trials are reliable, dependable, and valid? Surely those with good tonss are accepted. Even one point is of import. But are those who scored high on ESP trials able to utilize linguistic communication in mark linguistic communication usage state of affairss? — — I truly doubt. Is it just to accept campaigners based on the consequences of such unimportant trials? — – These are non just and ethical ( participant 19 ) .Credence of unqualified campaignersAnother emerged subject is credence of unqualified campaigners. The participants of the survey believed that entryway scrutiny to third and station alumnus schools are all norm-referenced. In norm-referenced trials even one decimal is finding. Naturally, the mean mark and percentile rank of the trial takers are the standards for credence or non- credence. Therefore, ESP portion of the entryway scrutinies is of much significance. Assuming that the campaigners are all equal in their tonss on content trials but different from each other in ESP trial, those with a better mark on ESP trial are accepted. There are times when the more qualified campaigners are rejected and less adept 1s are accepted. These so- called Ph.D campaigners will be the hereafter directors, professors, etc. They may be less qualified than the 1s non accepted. The undermentioned illustrations are given to exemplify this subject. I think the campaigners should be accepted or rejected merely based on their tonss on proficient trials. How one is proficient in English is non of import. Those who are good at proficient topics are in fact more qualified to come in station alumnus surveies than those who are adept in English but weak at proficient topics ( participant 16 ) . Another participant stated If the campaigners are accepted based on their average tonss on proficient and ESP sub-tests of choice trial, it is more likely that a good mark one a one separate sub-test influences the mean mark and increases the chance of credence. ESP sub-test can besides hold the same function. Therefore, those campaigners whose average mark is positively influenced by ESP mark may be less qualified than those with proper tonss on proficient sub-tests but bad mark on ESP trial ( participant 11 ) .Fiscal effectsThe consequences of the survey indicated that linguistic communication trials peculiarly EAP entryway scrutiny trials have great fiscal effect for both persons and parents. The pupils who are serious about come ining a extremely ranked university spend eventides, weekends and even holidaies fixing for the trial at assorted exam readying schools which provide a assortment of training services. The participants acknowledged that auxiliary instruction of this sort costs a good trade of money and the pupils and their households are willing to do such forfeits. The fiscal effects include text editions, linguistic communication establishment, private coachs, and test readying schoolroom disbursals. The undermentioned illustrations illustrate this subject. I am a pupil and I do non hold excessively much money. I spent rather a batch of money on purchasing text editions and sample EAP trials. I besides spent some money for trial readying categories. Even a penny was of import to me but I had to pass it to purchase the needed books ( participant 6 ) . Another participant stated: My English was non good. I decided to travel to some linguistic communication instructors to learn me. The private category tuition was someway high. Although paying that sum of money was truly hard I had to pay it because I had to ( participant 14 ) . Entrance scrutinies peculiarly linguistic communication trials sometimes have indirect fiscal effects. Participants argued that alternatively of blowing clip to larn English, they can work someplace and gain a great trade of money. One participant argued: I have Master of Science grade in Chemistry. I can hold a good occupation with a great salary but I determined to acquire prepared for Ph.D entryway scrutiny. I studied for about 12 months. If I had worked 12 months, I would hold earned about 12000 dollars. I merely studied difficult but I failed the trial merely because o my bad public presentation in English trials. My mark on the other topics was non bad. I am certain if I had got a better mark on English subpart of the trial, I could hold passed the trial successfully ( participant 9 ) .Family effectsThe EAP/ESP trials have besides some household effects. Participants acknowledged that the consequences of these trials influence the household members of the trial takers to a great extent straight or indirectly. They are emotionally, financially, and psychologically influenced. The undermentioned illustrations are given to exemplify this subject. As I had to analyze hard for the entryway scrutinies, I had no more clip to pass with my household ( my married woman and kids ) . Whenever they asked me to take them out, I did non hold, because I merely wanted to analyze. They got worried and they ever complained. Two or three times my married woman decided to disassociate ( participant 3 ) . Another participant stated: I am married and I have to pass a portion of my clip with my household. But because of the importance of scrutiny, I merely studied. When I was analyzing I could non gain adequate money. Therefore, I could non run into my household fiscal demands. It is their right to hold everything they like. They sometimes did non understand me and in fact felt depressed ( participant 13 ) . The trial takers ‘ psychological and societal jobs caused by trials indirectly influence their household members. One of the household members stated: Persian households are really emotionally closed. They can non be apathetic to each other. Whenever a household member feels worried, down, or disappointed, the other members have the same feelings. When I was fixing myself for the trial I had to travel to bed late and my household stayed awake ( participant 20 ) .DiscussionThe consequences obtained from a trial can hold seriouse effects for persons every bit good the programmes, because many of import determinations are made on the footing of the trials ‘ consequences ( Herman & A ; Golan, 1993 ) . Language scholars and the other participants may be influenced by official information about a trial prior to its administeration including advertisement stuffs from the trial publishing houses or by folk-knowledge such as studies from the pupils who have taken the trials earlier. They may besides be affected by several beginnings of feedback following trial administeration. These would include the existent trial tonss provided by the test hiting service, feedback from the trial takers such as what was easy or hard, what seemed just or unjust, expected, or unexpected, feedback from the monitors, and feedback from the instructors in reaction to the pupils ‘ tonss ( Baily, 1999 ) . Taylor ( 2005 ) besides believes that linguistic communication trials can hold effects beyond merely the schoolroom. Trials and trial consequences have a important impact on the calling or life opportunities of single trial takers. The impacts of different types of trials in different countries of the universe have been studied through empirical observation. The types of trials include national school scrutinies in Sri Lanka ( Wall and Alderson, 1993 ; Wall, 1997,2000 ) , Israel Shohamy et al. , 1996 ) , and Hong Kong ( Cheng, 1997, 1998 ) ; university entryway scrutinies in Japan ( Watanabe, 1997 & A ; 2004 ) ; and international proficiency trials ( Alderson and Hamp-Lyons, 1996 ) . Much of what was revealed by these surveies had to make with what Hughes ( 1989,1988 ) would name the â€Å" procedures † of instruction: the choice of content ( accomplishments, learning stuffs, exam readying stuffs ) , the methodological analysis instructors used and the ways in which they assessed their ain pupils. The findings associating to `participants ‘ frequently had to make with the emphasis and anxiousness felt by instructors and scholars. In line with findings of the above mentioned impact surveies, the consequences of the present survey indicated that maestro and doctorial ESP trials administered as national entryway scrutiny to Persian province universities influence scholars, ESP instructors and society in different ways. The first subject emerged from the content analysis of the interviews was describrd as the psychological effects. The psychological impacts were subcategorized into emphasis and anxiousness, depression, letdown, and false self- assurance and learning efficay. The findings of the impact surveies carried out in different parts of the universe merely confirmed scholars and instructors ‘ emphasis and anxiousness before and after trial administeration ; whereas, the consequences of the present survey indicate that in adition to emphasize and anxiousness, the scholars become down and defeated. Furthermore, their assurance is negatively influenced by such trials. Pearson ( 1988 ) says it is accepted that public scrutinies influence the attitudes, behaviours, and motives of the scholars, parents, and instructors. This influence is frequently seen as negative. The reappraisal of literature besides indicated that scrutinies distort course of study. The fidings of the present survey besides indicated that a chief negative effect of ESP trials on Persian ESP instructors is deformation of course of study. That is, they ignore linguistic communication accomplishments which do non lend straight to go throughing the test. Rather, they merely lay accent on learning proficient vocabulary and reading through limited learning schemes such as interlingual rendition to pupils ‘ native linguistic communication. As such a sort of learning method does non necessitate proficiency in the other linguistic communication accomplishments, the instructor think they are really efficaciouse. That is why, they think they have a high instruction efficaciousness. Participants of the survey besides reported that ESP/EAP trials have societal effects. Not unlike the findings of washback surveies, the consequences of the survey indicated that societal effects of ESP trials including want from high instruction, unfairness, and credence of unqualified campaigners are all negative. Therefore, in line with Davies, 1997 ; Messick,1989,1994, 1996 ; Hamp-Lyons, 1997a, 1997b, 1989,2000,1999 ; McNamara, 1999 reasoning for a professional morality among linguistic communication examiners to protect the profession ‘s members and persons from the abuse and maltreatment of the trial, it could be argued that ESP trials in Iran are unjust and violate moralss premises. Sing the usage of ESP trials use as instruments of societal policy and control and their gate-keeping map ( Spolsky, 1997, 1981, 1994 ) , it could be argued that ESP trials in Iran will take to acceptance and rejection of some campaigners whom we are non certain of their true ability ; accord ingly, the society does non profit from the qualified campaigners and some qualified campaigners are deprived from instruction while it is their ain civil and societal right to be accepted in universities. ESP trials practiced at Persian universities, to set in words of Shohamy ( 1997, 1993,1998, 2000 ) , contain contents or employ methods which are non just to all test-takers. As the consequences, utilizations of such trials which exercise control and manipulate stakeholders instead than supplying information on the proficiency degrees seem to be against moralss of linguistic communication testing. Fiscal impact of ESP trials on trial takers was the 3rd subject emerged from the content analysis of the present survey informations. Due to the impacts of the enterance scrutinies on the calling or life opportunities of single trial takers, they have to pass a great trade of money for readying categories, sample trials, and even private tuition. As bulk of the trial takers are pupils or unemployed, it is someway hard for them to gain money. Therefore, their life is greatly influenced by the consequences of trials. Furthermore, the trial takers who are bread victors of the household can non fulfill their households financially, because they do non hold clip to work someplace to gain money. Furthermore, the consequences indicated that the trial takers ‘ household members such as parents, kids, hubbies, and married womans, are all straight or indirectly influence by the trials effects. The findings of the other surveies indicated trial effects on the scholars ‘ parents ; whereas, this survey showed that in add-on to scholars ‘ parents, their kids, hubbies, and married womans were all influenced by psychological, societal, and fiscal effects of the trials. Such clear difference between the findings of this survey and the other surveies is profoundly rooted in the differences between the cultural and societal values of the scholars. In Iran, household members closely related and experience sympathy with each other. About all effects reported by the participants were negative. That is, niether do they ensue in great inventions in acquisition and learning ESP nor do they hold posotive and good effects on the interest holders. The great negative effects of ESP trials, acoording to Kiani, Akbari, and Alibakhshi ( forthcoming ) are due their deficiency of straightness and genuineness. They believe that reliable trials will surely take to great posotive effects. Another justification for such negative effects is the intent of ESP trials and the decicisions which are made on the footing of trials. Naturally the negative effects of norm-referenced trials are more serious than criterion-referenced 1s.DecisionThis survey was an effort to expolre the effects of ESP trials on trial takers and instructors ‘ life and society. The premise is that valid trials have posotive effects on the interest holders, society and educational systems and invalid trials have negative effects on all interest holders an d distort course of study. The consequences of the present survey showed that the effects of the ESP trials were all negative. Therefore, it could be concluded that these trials lack eventful cogency which is a chief constituent of costruct cogency ( Messick, ) . Sing such a fatal defect in ESP trials, we suggest that great alterations in the contents, intent and determinations made on the footing of these trials consequences are needed so that we can do a alteration in learning ESP at our local universities. That is, it is concluded that the invalid trials should non be used as the instruments which filter the entery and nonentry of some candiadates to province universities. Furthermore, any determination made on the footing of invalid trials is against the critical issues of equity and moralss. Therfore, it is indispensable that the trial developers try to devlope more reliable and direct trials, because reliable and direct trials have a good washback cogency.